1. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH): A condition where there is a hole in the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity, which can affect lung development.

2. Congenital Pulmonary Malformations: Abnormalities in lung development, including:

• Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM)
• Pulmonary Sequestration
• Bronchogenic Cysts

3. Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF) and Esophageal Atresia (EA): Abnormal connections between the trachea and esophagus, often occurring together, leading to feeding and respiratory difficulties.

4. Mediastinal Tumors and Masses: Including benign and malignant growths in the mediastinum, such as:

• Neurogenic Tumors (e.g., neuroblastoma)
• Thymic Tumors (e.g., thymoma)
• Germ Cell Tumors
• Lymphomas

5. Pleural Diseases: Conditions affecting the pleura, the membranes surrounding the lungs, including:

• Pleural Effusion: Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
• Pleural Empyema: Collection of pus in the pleural cavity.
• Pleural Tumors

6. Lung Tumors: Benign and malignant tumors affecting the lungs, such as:

• Pulmonary Sarcomas
• Pulmonary Metastases
• Pulmonary Sequestration

7. Tracheal and Bronchial Anomalies: Abnormalities affecting the trachea and bronchi, including:

• Tracheal Stenosis: Narrowing of the trachea.
• Bronchial Stenosis: Narrowing of the bronchi.
• Tracheomalacia: Weakness of the tracheal cartilage.
• Bronchomalacia: Weakness of the bronchial walls.

8. Lung Infections: Severe or complicated cases of lung infections, such as:

• Lung Abscesses
• Necrotizing Pneumonia

9. Thoracic Trauma: Injuries to the chest cavity resulting from accidents or trauma, including:

• Pulmonary Contusions
• Rib Fractures
• Thoracic Wall Injuries

10. Chest Wall Deformities: Abnormalities affecting the chest wall, such as:

• Pectus Excavatum: Depression of the sternum and adjacent cartilage.
• Pectus Carinatum: Protrusion of the sternum and adjacent cartilage.
• Poland Syndrome: Unilateral absence or underdevelopment of chest wall muscles.

11. Congenital Vascular Anomalies: Abnormalities affecting blood vessels in the chest.